What Is The Importance Of Ratio Analysis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1334 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Ratio analysis isnt just comparing different numbers from the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. Its comparing the number against previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy in general. Ratios look at the relationships between individual values and relate them to how a company has performed in the past, and might perform in the future. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Is The Importance Of Ratio Analysis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from the information in a companys financial statements. The level and historical trends of these ratios can be used to make inferences about a companys financial condition, its operations and attractiveness as an investment. Financial ratios are calculated from one or more pieces of information from a companys financial statements. For example, the gross margin is the gross profit from operations divided by the total sales or revenues of a company, expressed in percentage terms. In isolation, a financial ratio is a useless piece of information. In context, however, a financial ratio can give a financial analyst an excellent picture of a companys situation and the trends that are developing. A ratio gains utility by comparison to other data and standards. Taking our example, a gross profit margin for a company of 25% is meaningless by itself. If we know that this companys competitors have profit margins of 10%, we know that it is more profitable than its industry peers which is quite favourable. If we also know that the historical trend is upwards, for example has been increasing steadily for the last few years, this would also be a favourable sign that management is implementing effective business policies and strategies. Financial ratio analysis groups the ratios into categories which tell us about different facets of a companys finances and operations. An overview of some of the categories of ratios is given below. Leverage Ratios which show the extent that debt is used in a companys capital structure. Liquidity Ratios which give a picture of a companys short term financial situation or solvency. Operational Ratios which use turnover measures to show how efficient a company is in its operations and use of assets. Profitability Ratios which use margin analysis and show the return on sales and capital employed. Solvency Ratios which give a picture of a companys ability to generate cashflow and pay it financial obligations. It is imperative to note the importance of the proper context for ratio analysis. Like computer programming, financial ratio is governed by the GIGO law of Garbage InGarbage Out! A cross industry comparison of the leverage of stable utility companies and cyclical mining companies would be worse than useless. Examining a cyclical companys profitability ratios over less than a full commodity or business cycle would fail to give an accurate long-term measure of profitability. Using historical data independent of fundamental changes in a companys situation or prospects would predict very little about future trends. For example, the historical ratios of a company that has undergone a merger or had a substantive change in its technology or market position would tell very little about the prospects for this company. Credit analysts, those interpreting the financial ratios from the prospects of a lender, focu s on the downside risk since they gain none of the upside from an improvement in operations. They pay great attention to liquidity and leverage ratios to ascertain a companys financial risk. Equity analysts look more to the operational and profitability ratios, to determine the future profits that will accrue to the shareholder. Although financial ratio analysis is well-developed and the actual ratios are well-known, practicing financial analysts often develop their own measures for particular industries and even individual companies. Analysts will often differ drastically in their conclusions from the same ratio analysis. As in all things financial, beauty is often in the eye of the beholder. It pays to do your own work! Value Managers Value managers try to find companies trading at less than their intrinsic value, the price the underlying company is worth. In other words, they try to by the stock as cheaply as possible. In buying stocks as cheaply as possible, they hope to outperform in the long term, as their undervalued stocks return to higher valuation levels. They also believe that when they make mistakes, they have a more limited downside, since they paid a cheap price for the stock to start with. Value managers use financial analysis to calculate yardsticks of a stocks worth. A classic value manager would focus on: a low P/E ratio or price-to-earnings ratio (market price divided by earnings) which indicates that the stock is cheaply valued compared to earnings; a low price-to-book ratio (market price divided by accounting book value) which indicates that the stock is cheap compared to its historical accounting value; and a high dividend yield (dividend divided by market price) which shows that the stock pays a high cash yield on its price. Growth managers invest in the stocks of companies with rapidly growing sales and earnings. They believe that the stock price of this type of company will increase quickly as well, reflecting the strong growth of these companies. They do not focus on the valuation of these companies, preferring to examine their industries, management and growth potential. In aggregate, they think that the strong growth of these stocks will outweigh their valuations over a longer period of time. Obviously, growth managers focus on industries with strong growth such as technology and computer companies. The recent growth of the Internet has made Internet companies such as Yahoo! and Netscape favourites of growth investors Core managers or closet indexers focus on security selection, but try to maintain the same weightings as the index that they are compared to. They use the same valuation techniques as value and growth managers, but they dont want to make the ir portfolios appreciably different from the index or other managers. There are a couple of reasons for this. The most important is relative performance. Relative performance means how a manager looks versus the market index they are compared to. Managers generally try to beat the index they are being compared to. If the managers portfolio is very different from the index, the manager will perform quite differently. If the managers performance is good, then there is little problem. When the manager under performs, the clients are not very happy or patient. So managers keep their portfolios similar to the index or other managers, expecting to be not to different from the index or other managers. The other reason is that clients, sales representatives and consultants want their managers performance to be similar to the index or other managers. Client often dont want the best performance, but conservative management, meaning performance fairly similar to published performance sta tistics. Financial sales representatives want their clients to be happy and explaining wide performance differentials between client performance and published market and performance statistics takes a lot of time. Consultants want the managers performance to be similar to the index they are being measured against because they have done asset planning studies which are based on the performance of that index. This means that there is a large group, perhaps the majority of managers, who try to construct portfolios that will perform similarly to indexes and other managers. These core or closet index managers will pick the best stocks from an industry grouping. For example, if there are twenty-five stocks in an industry group that is 20% of the market index, the manager might select the best four at a 5% weight. Since most stocks in an industry tend to track each other in performance, the manager will have much the same performance in this portion of her portfolio as the index. By imp lementing this strategy for the significant industry groups in an index, the manager will obtain very similar performance to the index. Hopefully, by using financial analysis and valuation techniques to choose the best stocks from the index groups, the manager will outperform the index by a reasonable margin.

Understanding the Difference Between Lend and Loan

In formal usage (especially in British English), lend is a verb and loan is a noun. In informal  American English, the use of loan as a verb is generally considered acceptable (particularly when it concerns the lending of money). See the usage notes below. Only lend has figurative uses, as in Lend me your ears or Lend me a hand.Also see:Commonly Confused Words: Loan and Lone Examples: Borrow trouble for yourself, if thats your nature, but dont lend it to your neighbors. (Rudyard Kipling)A bank, so the old saying goes, is a place where you can always get a loan—when you dont need one. Usage Notes Although most expert users of English dislike loan as a verb (I loaned him my pen), except in financial contexts, it must be acknowledged that the usage is sanctioned by dictionaries. If you are not offended by Friends, Romans, countrymen, loan me your ears or by Distance loans enchantment, you may go along with the dictionaries and you will always have a defense.(Theodore M. Bernstein, Miss Thistlebottoms Hobgoblins, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971)Some people are bothered by the word loan as a verb, preferring to use lend in its place. Theres not much reason for the anxiety—loan has been a verb since around the year 1200, and I think an 800-year probation is long enough for anyone—but its now little used in America. My advice: dont be bothered by loan as a verb but, if you want to avoid irritating those who have this hangup, its never wrong to use lend.(Jack Lynch, The English Language: A Users Guide, Focus, 2008)The verb loan is well established in American usage and cannot be considered incorrect. The frequent objections to the form by American grammarians may have originated from a provincial deference to British critics, who long ago labeled the usage a typical Americanism. Loan is, however, used to describe only physical transactions, as of money or goods; for figurative transactions, lend is correct: Distance lends enchantment. The allusions lend the work a classical tone.(The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., 2000)These are sometimes interchangeable, sometimes not. Only lend carries the figurative senses of adding or giving, as in lend strength to the cause or lend color to an otherwise routine event. But for other senses, as when property or money pass temporarily from one owner to another, either word could be used. . . . In American and Australian English, the verb loan is readily used as an alternative to lend in such applications--but not so much in contemporary British English. The word was used in Brita in up to C17, but a curious resistance seems to have developed there during C18 and C19, when the Oxford Dictionary (1989) citations are all from the US, and the word somehow acquired provincial associations. Fowler (1926) noted that it had been expelled from southern British English, but that it was still used locally in the UK. Yet Gowers writing after World War II found it returning to British government writing (1948, 1954) and weighs in against it in his 1965 edition of Fowler as a needless variant (1965). This seems to be the basis on which British usage commentators argue that loan must be used only as a noun (except in banking and finance) and lend as a verb. Some British dictionaries (Collins, 1991) and the Canadian Oxford (1998) still echo the inhibition, while data from the BNC [British National Corpus] shows that many British writers are comfortable with it. (Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage, Cambridge University Press, 2004) Practice   (a) Never _____ your car to anyone to whom you have given birth.(Erma Bombeck)(b) Gus asked Merdine for a _____. Answers to Practice Exercises (a) Never  lend  your car to anyone to whom you have given birth. (Erma Bombeck)(b) Gus asked  Merdine  for a  loan.

The Presidential Election Of 1968 Essay - 1495 Words

America has always been a proud nation full of nationalism as well. The people, looked up to their government and their presidents for what to do during the dark days of depression, war, economic shutdown, and communism. The people knew who their enemies were or at least had a description. America never truly had a reason to doubt their leaders, those were the people who lead the nation to victory. Then there was a blow, a crisis that flipped everyone’s views and values upside down. There was an enemy that needed to be defeated, needed to , for this moment was that the so called enemy was the president himself, Richard Nixon. He was first seen in the presidential seen was in the 1960 elections against John F. Kennedy, which he lost. Though he was not discourage and ran again during the presidential election of 1968. After already losing one election, Nixon was worried about the results, but this time, luck and the electoral college was on his side this time and won with pretty eye opening results. It wasn’t until his re-election where Nixon was really worried, he didn’t know what to think about the results, but the only thing he was sure was that he was going to lose and without doing anything, he was going to watch how bad he was going to lose the presidency again. He already lost once and he wasn’t going to lose another time, especially to George McGovern. Well, he won. Nixon won in a victorious landslide victory, the biggest victory in American history.[1] In responseShow MoreRelatedThe Electoral College: How It Has Shaped the Modern Presidential Election Since 19681175 Words    |  5 Pages Every four years that a Presidential election comes to pass the Electoral College is responsible for the formal election of both the President and Vice President of the United States. 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But the results of the popular vote are not guaranteed to stand because the Electoral College has not cast its vote. thinking of the 2000 U.S. presidential election -- GoreRead MoreThe Failure Of Guerilla Warfare Methods During The Vietnam War1369 Words   |  6 PagesWar: An Analysis of the Causality of the â€Å"Counter Insurgency† Governmental Policies and the Presidential Campaign of 1968 This colloquium will define the connection between various sources related to the â€Å"counter insurgency† policies of the American government throughout the 1960s that caused a slow escalation of the Vietnam War in the fight against communist expansion in Southeast Asia. The Campaign of 1968 defines the legacy of president Kennedy â€Å"counter insurgency† policies, which President NixonRead MorePresidential Debate Over Presidential Debates947 Words   |  4 PagesWith the 2016 election in full throttle, Kennedy and Nixon’s presidential debates of 1960 are still very much a part of American democracy. Televised presidential debates have become a backbone in an American election. Although these debates are now considered a norm in American politics, this has not always the case. Even after the first time a presidential debate was held between presidential candidates from across the aisle, it took another 16 years for another debate to occur. It is highly doubt fulRead MoreEssay on George Wallace: American Independent1196 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernor of Alabama, but this time he had changed his platform; â€Å"I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of the tyranny, and I say, segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever.† (Pearson, 1998) He won this election in a landslide. Although Wallace changed his platform to get elected, â€Å" ‘Richard Flowers, former Alabama state attorney general, thought Wallace did it all to get elected and once in office would do the right thing.’ † (Riechers, 2003) In 1963Read MoreAmerican History: The Vietnam War1670 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 7th, 1968, two days after Election Day. Richard Nixon won about 4 times the margin he lost to John F. Kennedy in 1960. The craziness that occurred during the election went hand in hand with the chaos of 1968. In this election, there were three candidates: Richard Nixon of the Republican Party, Hubert Humphrey of the Democratic Party, and George Wallace of the American Independent Party. The candidates did not know it at the time, but they would become part of the Presidential Election that wouldRead MoreThe Effect of Third Party Candidates in Presidential Elections1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Third Party Candidates in Presidential Elections Although citizens of the United States have the opportunity to vote for many different offices at the national, state, and local levels, the election of the president of the United States every four years is the focal point of the American political process. The American political system has maintained a two- party system since its inception. Political scientists argue that a two-party system is the most stable and efficient meansRead More The Effect Of Third Party Candidates In Presidental Elections1626 Words   |  7 Pages The Effect of Third Party Candidates in Presidental Elections Although citizens of the United States have the opportunity to vote for many different offices at the national, state, and local levels, the election of the president of the United States every four years is the focal point of the American political process. The American political system has maintained a two- party system since its inception. Political scientists argue that a two-party system is the most stable and efficient means ofRead MoreThe Presidential Election Of 2016 Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican presidential election of 2016 was a few weeks ago, many are scratching their heads following the outcome result. Many, including myself are, asking the question who voted to bring Trump into office? No the better question is who did not vote to keep Trump out of the office. This must have been the same feelings and questions people had in the election of 1968 with Nixon, as the options they were left with to choose was not one of which many were enthused about. Richard Milhous Nixon bornRead MoreArgue for or Against the Electoral College823 Words   |  4 Pagesthe electoral college The 2000 United States (U.S.) presidential election concluded with Vice President Al Gore winning half a million more popular votes than George W. Bush (50,992,335 to 50,455,156) yet losing the White House in the Electoral College by only five votes (271 to 266). It once again raised questions about the validity of the Electoral College as the same scenario has occurred in the 1824, 1876, and 1888 presidential elections. This essay will discuss two problems of the Electoral

The Different Types of Vampires Throughout History

Iconic vampires in pop culture include Dracula, Angel, and Edward Cullen, but the lore can be traced back even further than the earliest thought of each of these icons. Doctor Guiley, a paranormal enthusiast, has researched countless tales of vampires, and has been able to divide her research into five different generalized areas. Doctor Murgatroyd, a professor of humanities at McMaster University, has studied references to vampires and other supernatural creatures throughout the literary history of our world. Doctor Jason Dittmer, a professor of Geology and Geography at Georgia Southern University, speculated on why Dracula was centered in Transylvania, and how it represented the mindset of the world at that point in time. Doctor†¦show more content†¦A character named Neoptolemus sacrifices another character to the ghost of Achilles. In a different play by Euripides, Death drinks the blood left as a sacrifice for him at the altar. These are some of the earliest recorded literature about vampires. One more commonly known creature with habits akin to a vampire is the furies of Greek mythology. They were believed to drink the blood of sinners to weaken them. The furies would then drag their victims to the underworld for their due punishment. Keres are another myth similar to vampires; when a warrior fell in battle, they were said to drag off his body to drink his blood and sustain their life-force. An Empusa is one of the closest and earliest accounts of vampires in literature. They were considered similar to Lamias in how the cultures feared them. An Empusa would trick an unsuspecting man into falling in love with her. She would produce an illusion of finery about her so that the man would eat and drink and fill himself up on his desires. Then, after they were married, she would have sex with him and drink his blood, filling her only two true desires. 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In addition, early civilizations associated vampires with unexplained events such as death, disease, andRead MoreThe History of Vampires1194 Words   |  5 PagesThe vampire is one of the oldest mythological creatures in the world. It has been around for thousands of years and is found in nearly every culture. There are many different kinds, the red-eyed corpses from China, the Greek Lamia- a woman with the lower body of a winged serpent, the Penanggalang in Malaysia- a woman with a detachable head, etc. The most commonly known, however, is the Romanian vampire, it is used often in pop culture, from movies, to television, to literature. The myth of theRead MoreQueen Of The Damned By Anne Rice1504 Words   |  7 Page sseventeen year old girls. Vampire movies have really changed over the years, each having their own way of displaying vampires to their audiences. Anne Rice, the author of the book Queen of the Damned, shows vampires in a way that most wouldn’t consider normal. Bringing the immortal into the music culture allows Rice’s main character Lestat to feel on top of the world again. With a healthy balance of blood and death, this movie allows its audience to learn Lestat’s history, while a dark soundtrackRead MoreTwilight: Gender Representations and Sexuality in Vampire Tales1073 Words   |  5 PagesTwilight: Gender Representations and Sexuality in Vampire Tales For a long time, storytellers used the bloodsucking undead to portray a sexual deviant. Wilson acknowledged that the vampire theme is first found as a popular reaction of Polidoris story in 1819 (579). The Twilight Saga, a romantic sci-fi movie adaptation of modern vampires, has grossed over $3.3 billion in worldwide sales, states Wikipedia (Par 1). The primary element that holds the audiences attention is the sexual tension betweenRead MoreAnalysis Of From Simple Beast And The Bride Of The Isles 1380 Words   |  6 Pagespraise on June 1897 with his popular literary work Dracula. Although many literary works about the vampire originated far before Stoker’s time, such as Polidori’s The Vampyre (1819), James Planchà ©s The Vampire; or, the Bride of the Isles (1820), Alexandre Dumas’ play Le Vampire (1851), James Malcolm Rymer’s Varney the Vampyre (1847) or Sheridan Le Fanu’s Carmilla (1872), much of the contemporary vampire works are based off the foundation Stoker set. One could even argue that Dracula did not reach its

Nowhere in Africa Free Essays

Desperate situations create good autobiographical novels. To meet those situations, an individual looks out for desperate remedies. To face worst situations, the best and the bravest within the human personality, surfaces. We will write a custom essay sample on Nowhere in Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the new and unexpected situations solutions are found. The seemingly impossible, becomes possible. New situations not only become tolerable, but acceptable. One comes to enjoy beautiful experiences. The routine and protected life, when suddenly disrupted, finds new vibrant alternatives. The new way of life, gives rise to new views about life. The strange surroundings turn out to be divine blessings. Nowhere in Africa turns out to nowhere in Africa! The Film: The autobiographical novel-based movie is about such happenings in the life of Stefanie Zweig. Walter Redlich was a successful lawyer in Germany, when Hitler rode to power. The persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany was gathering speed, and to remain in Germany was to invite grave danger to life and property for the Jews.   Walter moved to Kenya. But his wife Jettel and daughter Regina stayed back. This decision of Jettel, shows her love for the social life in Germany, her reluctance to give up the comforts of city life. She also wishes to keep her daughter under her protective wings. She doesn’t like the dark and backward country Kenya. She is a prominent figure in the social circles in Germany, and she is enamored by the glamour of social life in Germany. As the Nazi persecution goes on unabated, Jettel has no alternative and she joins her husband in Kenya along with Regina. Her worst fears about the life and living in Kenya come true. She is accustomed to live a cozy life in Germany, and she resents the rugged farm labor imposed in her new Kenyan pattern of life. Another psychological problem surfaces for Walters as he discovers that Germans are not liked by British settlers in Kenya. The young Regina suffers the most, initially. She finds herself lost in the new and unfamiliar surroundings and nothing fascinates this young girl—except their African family cook, Owuv. Gradually, she begins to like the natural beauty of Kenya. A deep friendship sprouts between Owuvr and the young child. Subsequently Germany invades Africa, and the German National Walter is taken to a British internment camp along with his wife and daughter. The beauty Jettel, seduces a British Army Officer, Walter is put in charge of another farm, and Regina is admitted to a boarding school. The strength of the movie is that it searches the real Africa, its soul, through the innocent and affectionate view point of the child, which has malice towards none. She is kindled with curiosity to know the ways of the world around her. The vast gorgeousness of Kenyan plains has tremendous appeal to her. The transformation that takes place in the city -kitten Jettel as a professional farmland Manager, is real and worth noticing. She understands now, and is not fussy. But human nature being what it is, she continues to be culturally insensitive. She came to Kenya to escape torture and certain death at the hands of Nazis, but it is tormenting to watch how she discriminates against the native Kenyans –then where lies the difference between her and the Nazis? The strength of the film lies in the authentic portrayal of the characters, how they face the ups and downs of the family relationship and the gradual growth and the relevant changes related to its characters. This film is suitable for family viewing. But the short sex scenes and those related to animal sacrifice do not contribute to the overall dignity of the movie. Nowhere in Africa, an Autobiographical Novel, Stefanie Zweig. That the movie is based on this best-selling autobiographical novel won the 2002 Academy Award for the best foreign language film speaks about the merit of the novel. The book describes the harsh realities for the Redlich family, moving from a western country, Germany, to the remote farmlands of Kenya. Regina, their five year old daughter has no problems to adjust and adopt the new way of life. Their cook, Owuor is their language teacher as well. They begin to love the country of their forced choice, but when the war is over, the real problem surfaces. Walter wishes to return to Germany, but once the- Kenya-hater Kettel, wishes to stay back in Kenya. The German children, on their return to Germany after the War, are strangers in their own land. They have to learn German from the beginning. Whenever a book is made into a film, changes in many areas are inevitable. The actress shown in then film (Kettel) and the real mother of the novel are diametrically opposed to each other. Many other parts of the film are true to the contents of the novel. The African cook speaking Swahili gives the genuine touch to the conversation. Stefanie wrote the book under strange circumstances. The paper for which she was working closed down and then she joined a tabloid paper in Frankfurt, as Arts Editor. There she did many a film reviews. She admits the limitations of making a film out of a book, when she says, â€Å"So I knew that the film and the book weren’t going to be the same.† The reality of Walter family returning to Germany after the end of the war has been very well depicted in the book. The great love of Stefanie for her father is also touchingly narrated on more than one occasion in the book. She was asked to do a thing, which she did not like-returning to her own Germany, which was a strange land to her on all counts but she did it for the sake of her love for her father. In a novel the author has lots of freedom to write detailed descriptions, but the director of the film has limitations. Therefore, then film is not the true representation of her life, as compared to the book. The emphasis in the book is for the story of the little girl Regina (Stefanie), but in the film it shifts to her parents and their marital problems. In a highly complicated novel like Nowhere in Africa, with several characters interacting with each other and shifting locales, film adaptation is very different from the original text. The undercurrent of love is seen through the characterization of all characters in the novel, that’s why it is said, the novel tells something deep within the author. It was her father’s advice not to hate. Also the life of 1938 as depicted in Kenya is much different from what is portrayed in the film. More importance is given in the film to the Walter couple and they talk of their marriage incessantly, sidetracking the real problems of their forced migration. Their intense talk about adjusting and saving their marriage looks unrealistic in the given circumstances. At least that is not what is described in the novel. The family escaped from Nazi Germany certainly not to settle scores about their marriage relationship, they had other priorities in life, according to the book. But the film ignores it. That is moving from the tracks of reality. From the point of view of generating revenue for the film, the leading lady of the novel has got to be glamorous, she has to have some peculiar characteristics either positive or negative, and Jettel has been accordingly shown as a cold, calculating and a woman filled with vanity. The book views the qualities in a different perspective. She is not at all that had as shown in the film. To be unhappy is one thing. But what is chiseled in the film is no justice to Jettel. The film presents a more luxurious pattern of life than what is depicted in the novel. As a child Regina was very poor and she could not afford the costly costumes shown in the movie-that is not what is shown about her at that age. But the Regina of age 12 in the book and the movie are one and the same. Her deep love for Ouwor is shown realistically in the movie as compared to the book. The book was hailed as the Society’s best juvenile title in The Netherlands. So also, the movie, whose main focus is on the parent’s relationship. She wrote the book out of respect for her parents. The strong influence of her father played a big part in shaping of the book, which the film could not show in detail due to the limitations of time and other related factors. The actress does not convey the real Jettel in the book. Besides being tough, she was a charming human being also. You see and experience the lasting human love between her and the family cook Ouwor. That’s a great characterization in the book. ———————— References: Nowhere in Africa, DVD, 2003 Zweig, Stefanie, Nowhere in Africa: An Autobiographical Novel, Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press; 1st edition (March 15, 2004) ISBN-10: 0299199606 ISBN-13 : 978-0299199609 How to cite Nowhere in Africa, Essay examples

Liquid-Liquid Heat Exchange Process And Operation Of Pilot Plant

Question: Describe about the Process and Operation of Pilot Plant? Answer: Introduction and Aims Baciocchi et al. (2013) presumed that thermal conductivity and thickness influenced the overall heat transfer coefficient of the mediums. Falsanisi et al. (2010) argued that the larger coefficient make the heating process easy in transferring heat to the products from sources. A heat transfer film coefficient is the process of fluid confined in a particular vessel that outlines the flow of heat of the fluid. Apart from that, film coefficient heat exchanger divided the heat based on per unit area of the vessel. Thus, it differentiates the temperature of the fluid in the interior and surface of the wall. Mahmoud (2012) stated that film coefficient heat exchanger known as the convection coefficient from the point of view of heat exchanger. In the pilot plant, the overall heat transfer coefficient U determines the logarithmic meaning the difference of temperature. The equation of the logarithmic can helps in identifying the value of U that directly relates to the Q (the rate of heat transfer). Thermal Resistance is also an effective method of heat exchanger. It helps in calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient of the pilot plant properly. In the pilot plant, thermal resistance split works in several areas such as transfer of heat between the wall and fluid in one resistance, transfer heat in one resistance and the transfer of heat between the second fluid and wall in one resistance. McConville (2002) suggested that in order to decrease the overall heat transfer coefficient in the wall of pilot plant, need to add extra thermal resistance of surface coating. The main aims of this study are To examine the effects of flow configuration, varying liquid flow rates, addition number of tubes in the heat exchangers To identify the effects of flow configuration, varying liquid flow rates on performance s heat exchanger in pilot plant and shell side and tube pressure drops To realize the impacts as well as significance of experimental errors on the calculation of heat transfer To develop the standards procedures for process and validation of data collection regarding heat exchanger Theory 1. Heat Transfer Equation 1.1 Counter Flow heat transfer Qh = mh.Cph. (Th1 Th2) Qc = mc.Cch. (Tc2 Tc1) Where h= hot side c= cold side 1 = inlet 2 = outlet with no losses Qh = Qc If the Qh losses from the Qc then the equation will be Qh Qc Qm = (Qh + Qc) / 2 Qm = U. Am. Tlm (Here U considers the power of overall heat transfer coefficient. Apart from the lm is stand for this equation as a Logarithmic temperature) Tlm = T2 T1/ In * T2/ T1 T2 = Th2 - Tc1 T2 = Th1 Tc2 Am = Ah Ac / In * Ah/Ac (Here Ac and Ah stand for the area for the heat transfer on the cold as well as hot side respectively) 1.2 How does a heat exchanger work It is noted that a heat exchanger basically revolves around the fact that as soon as there is a temperature difference, there will be a possibility of occurring heat transfer. So, in most of the cases, it utilizes both cold stream as well as a hot stream, which are detached with the help of a thin, solid wall. In this context it is very crucial to make the wall thin as well as conductive so that heat exchange takes place. However, there is requiring ensuring that the wall must be strong enough to protect the system. Due to which copper is used here. Below is the simple flow diagram which exploring how heat transfers in a heat exchanger. Figure: flow diagram showing how heat transfers in a heat exchanger In order to describe the heat exchanger, the analysts used several components such as tank of water, thermostat, ball valves, P. C. interface, water connection, test stand, heater, etc. The properties, which depend on the quality of matter, may change as the system increases in size. The physical and the chemical residues of the system may have an effect on each other and give rise to unstable results. A good illustration of this property is surface area to liquid ratio. Suppose on a chemical scale, in a particular flask has a moderately large surface area to the liquid ratio (Reichl et al. 2014). If scaled the reaction to fit in a tank of 500 gallon, the surface area to the liquid ratio becomes minute to a great extent. Therefore the difference in the surface area to the liquid ratio, the reaction and same nature of thermodynamics changes in a deviating way. An effect in beaker can perform very differently from same reaction on a large scale process of production (Sun et al., 2008). After the collection of data from the pilot plant operation, a huge production scale capacity might be built. Some business entity still continues to control pilot plant so as to experiment concepts intended for the innovative products, operating conditions or new feedstock. The current trend is to keep the plant size small to save the costs. Reference List Baciocchi, R., Carnevale, E., Corti, A., Costa, G., Lombardi, L., Olivieri, T., Zanchi, L. and Zingaretti, D. (2013). Innovative process for biogas upgrading with CO2 storage: Results from pilot plant operation. Biomass and Bioenergy, 53, pp.128-137. Falsanisi, D., Liberti, L. and Notarnicola, M. (2010). Ultrafiltration (UF) Pilot Plant for Municipal Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: Impact of the Operation Mode on Process Performance. Water, 2(4), pp.872-885. Mahmoud, (2012). Managing Process Hazards in Lab-Scale Pilot Plant for Safe Operation. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5(1), pp.84-88. McConville, F. (2002). The pilot plant real book. Worcester, Mass.: FXM Engineering and Design. Reichl, A., Schneider, R., Ohligschlger, A., Rogalinski, T. and Hauke, S. (2014). Process Development and Scale-up for Post Combustion Carbon Capture - Validation with Pilot Plant Operation. Energy Procedia, 63, pp.6379-6392. Sun, H., Hankins, N., Azzopardi, B., Hilal, N. and Almeida, C. (2008). A pilot-plant study of the adsorptive micellar flocculation process: Optimum design and operation. Separation and Purification Technology, 62(2), pp.273-280.